Genetic diversity of epiphytic lichens approached in the context of forest connectivity and fragmentation at different spatial scales – a review

To protect lichen species, habitats with large populations need to be conserved, alongside with genetic diversity. The genetic variation in lichen populations is significantly impacted by forest connectivity. Additionally, the genetic variation of populations is determined by the reproductive mode of lichens and their dispersal capacity. The microclimate and macroclimate shape symbiotic complexity supported by cryptic lineages of symbionts adapted to various environmental conditions. Climate and dispersal vectors, in the context of different adaptation strategies of symbiotic complexity, highlight an integrative biological connectivity framework with multiple interactions which occur at local and large spatial scales. Conservation genetic and forest management measures are important policy actions intended to prevent the extinction of lichens populations and species and to ensure their long-term survival within complex landscapes. In the context of the conservation and management of forest habitats, novel technologies (metagenomics, assisted migration and remote sensing) that provide important data are needed to identify refugia and hotspot areas for lichens. One of the planetary drivers with an imminent impact on biodiversity is global warming, which removes climatic barriers and could be implicated in the extinction of the genetic heritage of lichens in cold habitats. Therefore, conservation actions must be taken to reduce or avoid the risk extinction of lichen populations.