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Cantharellus rubescens is described and illustrated as new species from the semi-arid of Northeastern Brazil. It is recognized by orange-yellow basidiomes, hymenophore and contex with a strong reddening-orange reaction, scaly stipe, basidiospores measuring 6-7.5(-9) × 4-5(-5.5) m and having thick-walled (1-1.5 μm), terminal elements in the pileipellis. Morphological differences with other, orange-yellow Brazilian Cantharellus species are discussed, such as C. urantioconspicuus, C. guyanensis and C. protectus.