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© Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2018 — Anthropozoologica — http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr
French abstract (résumé français)
Les études médiévales sont revenues plusieurs fois sur la pêche et la consommation des cétacés. Le terme générique de baleine est souvent employé, soit faute de pouvoir discerner mieux l’espèce de mammifère, soit par méconnaissance de la diversité des sous-ordres des mysticètes et odontocètes. Avec la contribution de la cétologie, il convient de reprendre le dossier des ballenae pour chercher, derrière le vocabulaire altomédiéval très pauvre, les espèces réellement rencontrées au haut Moyen Âge. Les mentions de cétacés sont topiques et partent de la description d’un monstre. La littérature antique livre au Moyen Âge la vision d’un animal de très grande taille et agressif quand il s’agit du cetus ; le delfinus, considéré au même titre que tous les animaux marins comme un poisson, véhicule à l’inverse des valeurs positives, mais reste entouré également d’une image fantastique. Au mystère qui entoure l’origine des baleines, venant forcément des mers lointaines, s’ajoute le mystère encore plus grand des eaux atlantiques, largement ignorées des auteurs antiques. Le haut Moyen Âge propose alors des mentions de cétacés mêlant observations et références encyclopédiques succinctes. Les sources suggèrent deux modes de prélèvements : la pêche en mer et la prise d’animaux échoués, pratiques qui ne permettent guère de spécifier les animaux capturés.
English abstract (résumé anglais)
Medieval studies have returned several times to fisheries and cetacean consumption. The generic term of whale is often used because it is not possible to discern well the species of mammal, or because of ignorance of the diversity of the suborders of mysticetes and odontocetes. With the contribution of cetology, it is maybe useful to take again the file of the ballenae to seek, behind the very poor early Middle Age vocabulary, some species actually encountered. The mentions of cetaceans are topical and start from the description of a monster. Ancient literature delivers to the Middle Ages the vision of a very big and aggressive animal when it comes to the cetus; The delfinus, considered in the same way as all marine animals as a fish, on the contrary carries positive values, but also is surrounded by a fantastic image. To the mystery that surrounds the origin of the whales, necessarily coming from distant seas, is added the even greater mystery of the Atlantic waters, largely ignored by the ancient authors. The early Middle Ages then feature cetacean references combining observations and very succinct encyclopaedic references. The sources suggest two modes of taking: sea fishing and stranded animals capture, which do not allow to specify the animals caught.
Delfines nec non et ballenae… Les cétacés de l’Atlantique nord au haut Moyen Âge : représentation, identification et consommation
Fabrice GUIZARD
Haut Moyen Âge
baleine
dauphin
marsouin
globicéphale
Early Middle Ages
whale
dolphin
porpoise
pilot whale
http://www.anthropozoologica.com
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Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Publications scientifiques, Anthropozoologica
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